Recently, co-authorship in publication of a research or SCIENTIFIC paper has been considered the most important indicator of international SCIENTIFIC collaboration. Those who do not collaborate have a very tiny chance of getting published or be part of the SCIENTIFIC giant component. In Iran, the rate of international collaboration is lower than 8 percent, while many other developing countries put much value into international collab0ration and have gained many SCIENTIFIC achievements in the last few decades. There are a few obstacles which hamper SCIENTIFIC collaboration of Iran with overseas scientists: i) Many of Iranian policy makers are not aware of the importance of collaboration and believe that SCIENTIFIC self-reliance is possible in short term. ii)US sanctions against Iran and our policy of no relation with USA has limited our access to modern science and many collaboration opportunities. iii)Visa issuance is very difficult for Iranian scientists who would like to collaborate with their European and Americancounterparts. iv)The quality of Internet access is very poor in Iran and there are few digital libraries that Iranian academic institutes could afford the subscription fees. We postulate several comments for a better international SCIENTIFIC collaboration: 1) Only in USA, there are more than 5000 Iranian faculty members and university professors who could be the first line of collaborators with Iranian scientists. Contacting them and asking them for collaboration has resulted in an enthusiastic "yes" shortly after. 2) Some research centers and institutes have initiated SCIENTIFIC collaboration with their US counterparts and created an atmosphere of SCIENTIFIC exchange which resulted in significant DEVELOPMENT of those centers. 3) There are many scholarships, fellowships and grants. for Iranian scientists and researchers which are funded by charity foundations and international SCIENTIFIC societies. Targeting and using those opportunities is highly recommended. 4) Iranian ministry of foreign affairs could facilitate visa issuance of Iranian scientists Who would like to participate in seminars and conferences worldwide. 5) There is practically no governmental funds allocated for SCIENTIFIC collaboration. The cost of creating collaboration is much less than purchasing expensive equipments for the laboratories. 6)In this little world village, collaboration could start from a short meeting in a conference and been followed up bye-mailing and Internet. Therefore, there is no need for follow-up visits which could be costly an impossible for soft currency nations. 7)Iranian consulates must target Iranian scientists and sources for collaboration in Europe and introduce them to relevant SCIENTIFIC bodies in Iran to initiate further SCIENTIFIC collaborations.

This article examines the role of SCIENTIFIC associations in the SCIENTIFIC/ academic system of Iran. A SCIENTIFIC association is an independent institution formed through concious and free union of the practitioners of a SCIENTIFIC field in order to pave the way for the DEVELOPMENT of science and to promote principles of collective action of work ethics among the practitioners as well as linking the theoritical and practical aspects of the field through free, thoughtful and democratic interaction. The aim of this article is to explain the historical process of the changes relation to independent instututions (non-Government Organizations) and the related notions. The article also explains the existing situation and the role of SCIENTIFIC associations in the country"s SCIENTIFIC/academic system. Finally, it describes the ideal situation and provides an assessment of the possibilities and limitations of such associations concerning their function and their transition from the present situation to the ideal one.

Background and Aim: The direct and indirect costs of diseases significantly impact national economies. Additionally, concerns surrounding security issues, such as bioterrorism and passive defense, have elevated vaccine production technology to a strategic priority in the 21st century. This strategic importance justifies investment in vaccine production capabilities, despite the industry’s low profit margins, as it serves as a catalyst for biotechnology DEVELOPMENT. The emphasis on "prevention" over "treatment" within healthcare systems has further underscored the necessity for indigenous vaccine production aimed at achieving industrial self-reliance. However, this focus has also introduced serious challenges. The present study aims to conduct a comparative analysis with neighboring countries, examining the challenges related to vaccine supply and production within the country and proposing potential solutions. Methods: The challenges and obstacles to vaccine production and innovation were categorized into five main themes: political challenges, cultural and social challenges, economic challenges, legislative challenges, and logistical challenges. A total of 31 subcategories were identified. Among these, the legislative category received the highest score, averaging 44.61 with a standard deviation of 14.3. Economic challenges followed with an average score of 132.61 and a standard deviation of 9.4, while political challenges scored 08.61 with a standard deviation of 94.5. Cultural challenges averaged 98.60 with a standard deviation of 40.4, and logistical challenges had the lowest average score of 01.58 with a standard deviation of 4.14. Results: The study surveyed 54 participants (30 men and 24 women) with at least 19 years of work experience, including 45 individuals holding PhDs and 9 with master’s degrees. These participants were professionals in production and quality assurance, as well as experienced specialists in vaccine supply and production from two major institutions: Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute and Actoveerco Pharmaceutical Complex. The overall reliability coefficient for the questionnaire was calculated using Cronbach's alpha, yielding a score of 84.7 percent. The reliability for each thematic scale was as follows: political challenges at 65 percent, cultural and social challenges at 87 percent, economic challenges at 66 percent, legislative challenges at 45 percent, and logistical challenges at 33 percent. Conclusion: Analysis of the questionnaire results indicated that cultural and social challenges in vaccine production received the highest overall score. Key factors included the technical knowledge and skills of personnel, the rate of SCIENTIFIC updating, cultural communication practices, wealth distribution, intra-organizational communication (among staff), extra-organizational communication (between management and staff), and direct engagement with international organizations and NGOs involved in vaccine production.

Theme -rheme is based on functional sentences perspective dealing with how information is distributed in sentences, and the effect of this distribution in discoures. Linguists have used different terms to refer to theme - rheme including background - focus, given - new, and topic - comment,but Halliday (1985) enumerates some fundamental distinctions between them and scrutinizes each category separately. In this paper we follow hallidays model of theme-rheme organization and try to apply it in some literary and SCIENTIFIC texts. Theme - rheme has a great importance in terms of socio - linguistics and psycholinguistics so that any change in the organization of theme - rheme affects the message and its degree of comprehensibility. Since thematisation is one of the textual strategies for creating a common world between the addressor and his addressees we mix up the text without resorting to this strategy. Weissberg (1984) concludes that comprehensibility and recallability of text is to some extent a function of the way in which information is distributed, i.e. in unmarked sense, recall and comprehension is faster and more accurate. In this research some texts have been analyzed in terms of seven patterns of theme DEVELOPMENT including linear, constant, miscellaneous, marked,. multiple, implicit and absent themes presented by Weissberg.

Purpose: The purpose of this applied research is to study the effectiveness of gamification on corporate training.  Methodology: A gamified course was designed and implemented to train the location of Fire Hosing Cabinet for 24 employees of a firefighting maintenance company in Iran Mall shopping Center in Tehran. Using a quantitative quasi-experimental research plan (post-test only control group design) the participants of the study were randomly assigned to treatment (12) and control (12) groups and trained for a week.  Conclusion: The descriptive and interpretive result of the posttest analyses indicated the effectiveness of gamification of the training performed for the employees of the firefighting maintenance company in Iran Mall shopping Center in Tehran. Moreover, the descriptive result of Gamification Acceptance Questionnaire answered by the members of the experimental group after gamified training indicated that all the participants in the experimental group were satisfied with the gamified training course.

SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT is a vital pillar of comprehensive DEVELOPMENT plajing a significant role in the promotion of economic, political, social and cultural aspects of a society. Accordingly and generally, the companionship of SCIENTIFIC research is a critical requirement for various DEVELOPMENT schemes to obtain. Iran is no exception in this regard; it needs SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT as a way to a comprehensive one. Nonetheless, the relevant literature points to the fact that there are different factors hindering such DEVELOPMENT. This article, via the use of meta-analysis technique, attempts at exploring and classifying Iranian scientists' views on the existing obstacles and proposed solutions to the SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT in their written works. The findings of the research indicate that while 10% of the written works considered in this research see obstacles as related to internal sphere, and 20% attribute the obstacles to external social factors within the domain of science, the rest, that is some 70 percent of these works, holds both kinds of obstacles as relevant. Therefore, it seems necessary to take measures aimed at removing both kinds of obstacles. Among the ten works considered only few maintain indigenous science and nativism in science as feasible options capable of influencing SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT considerably. These few studies hold that nativism and indigenization of sciences are two prominent elements which would affect the cultivation and improvement of science in Iran.

The multidimensional world needs a new variable called SCIENTIFIC diplomacy in all its affairs. No international unit or independent government can ignore this new dimension of politics. Science diplomacy as a soft field of power, not only by using the variable of political science and international relations, but also by internalizing cultural, social and economic structures and their new dependence on the nature of science, establish new boundaries in modern conceptualization. has done. One of these concepts is the interwoven relationship between science diplomacy and DEVELOPMENT. The country of Iran in the West Asia region, having a young and educated workforce and having the experience of continuous growth of SCIENTIFIC and technological indicators, has a definite ground for using this variable in the DEVELOPMENT of its foreign policy. Therefore, the most important aspect of the country of Iran in the current situation is the full use of this irreplaceable capacity in regional DEVELOPMENT, taking into account the economic, cultural, social and political priorities. This research has analyzed the logic of the relationship between SCIENTIFIC diplomacy and regional DEVELOPMENT in a qualitative way by examining various documents in the considered fields and by enumerating the characteristics of each of these variables.

Among the various types of waqf, both traditional and modern, the SCIENTIFIC endowment has a long range of social and cultural functions. Studies on the history of waqf and charity in Birjand reveal numerous evidences of the actions of SCIENTIFIC scholars at various socio-cultural levels. The purpose of this paper is to investigate different types and instances of SCIENTIFIC endowment in Birjand by descriptive-analytical method. The findings of this study show that the cultural identity of the city is the result of the DEVELOPMENT and DEVELOPMENT of various forms of SCIENTIFIC endowment in traditional and modern forms. Another achievement of this study is the diversity of the social and gender base of SCIENTIFIC scholars in the region, as well as the capacity of this line in terms of social and cultural capital.

Purpose: Economic status is one of the factors influencing SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT. The present study aims to determine and explain the impact of economic factors on Iran's SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT over the past 27 years. Methodology: This research is applied and belongs to scientometrics research. Data collection is done in a library method and referring to databases and reports of relevant organizations. To analysis the data, structural equations and PLS software have been used to answer the questions by T statistics and path coefficient. Findings: The findings show that all the indicators of Iranian SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT that have been presented over the last 27 years are generally growing each year. In the meantime, the employment rate had been growing up until 85-86. GDP grew until 90-91, but after those years it has been going down. Considering the path coefficient related to this hypothesis, it can be concluded that the variable of economic indicators has a 70% effect on the indicators of science DEVELOPMENT; this means that if economic indicators improve by one unit, there is a 99% chance that the value of science DEVELOPMENT indicators will improve by 0. 7 units and become more positive. Conclustion: According to the findings of this research, it can be concluded that there is a direct relationship between the overall DEVELOPMENT of science and economic indicators, and since SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT is a function of economic growth, it must maintain and sustain economic growth in order to maintain SCIENTIFIC growth. The most important things in these indicators were gross national product, and other indicators, even those that were rejected, would have an indirect effect. In order to grow these indicators, research groups and economists should plan each other together.